Object oriented database

Object oriented database

Object oriented database is a database management system which supports the modelling and creation of data as objects. And there are two necessary criteria which should be a DBMS, and it should be consistent with programming languages. In other words, object-oriented programming + relational database features = object-oriented database model. And there are many features of object-oriented database which are: 1. Objects and classes (as known as object identity), because object has state and behavior, therefore, each object is unique object. For example, a student has his own name, own student Id. 2. Encapsulation, this process is helping with hiding some important information. For example, if you bought a coke, and you know what’s in that, but you don’t know how to make a coke. 3. Inheritance, it shows the relationships between different and similar objects. Like, the vehicle includes bikes and cars, and then the bike involves motor bike and normal bike; and the car involves the Hybrid car, electrical car, and gas-use car. And all of these are belonged to vehicle. 4. Relationships, it can show the relationship between various objects. Like, the student can be related with leader, and other roles.

From the definition and features of object-oriented database, there are also some advantages of it. Firstly, object-oriented database can easily share the data, software components, information and computing things. For example, comparing with other database type, the object-oriented database can easily and quickly finish the task of data exchanging, and determination of computing Secondly, object-oriented database allows various controlling systems. like, AI, and operating systems. Therefore, engineers can use different application to do object-oriented database.

Cite pages:

http://www.odbms.org/introduction-to-odbms/definition/

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-an-object-oriented-database.html

Comments:
Nana Lin, Your post is very clear showing the SQL database system's definition, systems adaption, and benefits of SQL.But i think you should put some information to show how does SQL work, and the limitation of SQL systems.

Jenny, I like your post. You made a very great definition, and the process of systems working for the object-oriented database. And the example you post made very great explanation of advantages of this database system.

Yichen, the SQL can help with organizing the large database with good protection. And you said SQL is like human brains. it's interesting, and I like your post with imagining the future of SQL system.

x

B5 - SQL (What is is and why important?)

Talking about databases, SQL is the standard language for relational database management. SQL stands for Structured Query Language and it is the standard language used to communicate with a database according to ANSI (American National Standards Institute). The language is based on statements that are used to perform tasks, among which the most common is updating data, or retrieve data from the database. The most common databases that use SQL are: Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, among others. Among all these databases, it is common to see specific commands and proprietary extensions;  the standards of SQL commands such as “Select”, “Insert”, “Update”, “Delete”, “Create” and “Drop” can be used to accomplish almost anything that it is needed to do on big databases across any SQL platform. Allowing this language to also allow the program to communicate between each other.

               SQL is important because it is high on demand due to the advancements of technology which make Big Data common. Traditional spreadsheet can be used to manage small-medium sized sets of information; however, this tool is not useful when big data is being managed. SQL comes in to play an important role to be able to manage records of 1 million datapoints or more. This allows you to perform any data related activity with millions of rows of data at high speed and an efficient way. As a result, across all the fields SQL has come to be in high demand. Currently, companies across all the fields are searching for individuals who are skilled in SQL making this language the most required for job positions nowadays.

               SQL is an excellent and essential tool for programmers, however due to the  advancements in technology this language has been coming across other people making it important for everybody to not only understand it but also be able to use it. Almost any business has come digitized which means that data is stored in enormous databases and to be able to manage them you need SQL and as companies strive to accomplish more with their information, they will require more people to be skilled to access and analyze this big data.

Comments on others post

Alec Silverstone

I do understand your point on how we use databases everyday in our lives. Therefore, it is clear your point of how data is created during design and construction process. I think that the use a database is important to be able to utilize that data in an intelligent manner. The proper use of this data not only facilitates the work but also decrease the errors in communication between contractors, engineers and architects.

Weiyi Tang

Your example on the systems used for energy control is precise. Being an electrical engineer, I have seen how this controls work on the field and through the years the biggest goal for controls in building has been to decrease the energy consumption. Before the approach was to decrease the use of each element by separate. But since the boom of the big data analysis, buildings have come to use central databases to understand the behavior of the building and only use energy when and where is needed.

Jenny Fretta

I have been using object-oriented databases before and I agree with you. I believe that the data is connected in a more intuitive way and it allows people to understand better why the information is stored that way. I like your example of object-oriented database, it is really clear to understand how it will properly work.

Citation

• ·        “What Is Structured Query Language (SQL)? - Definition from Techopedia.” Techopedia.com, www.techopedia.com/definition/1245/structured-query-language-sql.
  
• ·        Heller, Martin. “What Is SQL? Structured Query Language Explained.” InfoWorld, InfoWorld, 28 Aug. 2017, www.infoworld.com/article/3219795/sql/what-is-sql-structured-query-language-explained.html.
  
• ·        SQLCourse. “What Is SQL?” SQLCourse - Lesson 1: What Is SQL?, 20 Aug. 2000, www.sqlcourse.com/intro.html.
  
• ·        Babu, Amarendra. “Structured Query Language - Importance of Learning SQL.” {Coding}Sight, 6 Nov. 2018, codingsight.com/structured-query-language-importance-of-learning-sql/.

B5-Uses of databases in construction firms

       Construction firms need to integrate a large number of complex sets of information for a construction project, and for most situations, construction firm have to follow up several construction projects at same time. It is very important for them to effectively manage this information to insure its availability and accuracy. “Poor or missing information can readily lead to project delays, uneconomical decisions, or even the complete failure of the desired facility”. [1] It is essential for construction firms to formal organize the bulk of information associated to construction projects to avoid chaos.

       With the advent of micro-computer database managers, the formal, computerized databases for cost account and other data is possible to be used in regardless of large or small firms and projects. The significant advantages for database include rapid retrieval therefor the information can be used immediately, and lower overall costs. For instance, the computerized specifications writing systems have record common specification phrases for specific project applications to speed up the writing process.

       “Formally, a database is a collection of stored operational information used by the management and application systems of some particular enterprise”. This information has specific associations, and these relationships themselves are considered as a part of the database. Figure 1 includes some typical elements in a database. Internal model is used for story data. It consists the strings of “bits” and be storied in computer’s memory. “The DBM (Database Manager Program) is the software program that directs the storage, maintenance, manipulation and retrieval of data”. With DBM, manager don’t have to concern about details, because DBM can story data according to user’s request. Different users can ask for different request to DBM from the same database. DBM has the ability to story data and insure the integrity and security of data. With these capabilities, DBM can be easily used in project management applications.

Figure 1 Illustration of a Database Management System Architecture

       Centralized database management system has certain advantages relative to commonly employed special purpose datafiles. Relational information between items and between records can not be accessed by other application systems. For instance, the accounting system or corporate planners are not able to check the time scheduled that is manipulated by project scheduling system.

[1] Hendrickson, C. (2008). Project management for construction: Fundamental concepts for owners, engineers, architects, and builders.

Eken, Gorkem. “A Lessons Learned Database Structure for Construction Companies.” NeuroImage, Academic Press, 27 Oct. 2015,www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877

705815031719.

Comments:

Christian, it’s great to get an overall understanding about SQL. The ease of learning could be the most powerful strength to become the standard programing language, as long as its defects are getting revised in the progress.

Jenny, you clearly defined object-oriented database and let me know the most powerful advantage of object oriented database is saving time and space during processing to reduce the risk of information delay.

Alec, I agree with you that databases become more popular nowadays, they appear in everywhere around us. Databases have advantages on story data and share information which are good to use in project management.

B5-Uses of databases in design offices

In my opinion, the most obvious character that the database is playing in office buildings is to control the energy system. The book, Energy Buildings is saying: “The resulting database and model are expected to provide the simple, direct decision-making process for helping estimate the energy-saving potential of some energy conservation measures to retrofit existing office buildings quickly.” For example, the picture below is showing a schematic outline of the research for developing an energy prediction model, which can quickly estimate the annual electricity use of office buildings. 

                                                

By the database, the energy treatment methods can be listed out. So how? The database can organize various results by a list of input variables. For example, for previously analyzing the natural light going through a glass curtain wall, the input can be the properties of the curtain wall, the building location characters and the time of the day, so the output can be the amount of energy going into the building, the serving area of the natural light and the efficiency of the wall. The engineers do not need to build the actual sample wall first and then go collecting the data for estimations. The database can serve for the building load and the HVAC system. By putting the data into the database, such as the building envelope, the building thermal mass, the system operations, the refrigeration and heat rejections and so on for the energy control, the tables can be created for each of them, and the tables can interact with each other.

For example, after input a thermal mass table, and a heat rejections table, we can do this in the database (Linux) to get what the thermal load should be in the office building A during the winter:

SQL> SELECT minimum thermal mass required in the office, the maximum heat rejections
1    FROM thermal mass, heat rejection
2    WHERE season= ‘winter’
3    AND building_name= ‘office A’;

Then the possible range for the thermal load will pump up as a result table. By the database, the using time of the energy systems can also be controlled. We can select the office closing time and the office opening time from the time table, and then the unoccupied period for every day through the week, the month, or the year will be listed out, so the heating or cooling systems can automatically switch on an off according to that unaccompanied period. From my Blog 1 (link), you can learn why the time control for the energy system is essential.

After the prediction designs based on the databases, the time and the money which will be used on estimating the energy system in the office building could be reduced, because the data will be organized and shared, so for the operation of the building or the other similar building, the same database can be referenced again for higher efficiency.

Works Cited:

Mao, Jiachen and Pan, Yiqun and Fu, Yangyang. Towards fast energy performance evaluation: A 

pilot study for office buildings; Energy Buildings. Volume 121, 2016, Pages 104-113, ISSN 0378-7788, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.03.077

Comments:
Yicheng Li
Yes, as you said, the SQL can help us to organize the large databases and it became the foundation of many nowadays' computer software. For SQL, the data input methods are various and simple enough to be understood, so it has already envolve in our daily life.

Tyler Madden
I totally agree with you that the smarter "relational" databases can improve the efficiency of production because the data tables are separated but they can interact with each other, and the users can use various data sets at the same time and come out with another table for showing the results. Besides Microsoft's SQL server, for the Mac system, the terminal is the SQL server.

Alec Silverstone
Agree. The data appear during the building design, and construction processes are very complex, and if there is not a database to organize those data, the mistakes and misunderstanding between the engineers and the constructors will occur frequently, and to find the reason of the error will be a suffer work. Therefore, the database is essential for construction.

B4 - Term project

For this term project Nana and I will look into how 3D printing of houses can be a part of the sustainable development in the building industry. We will have a special focus on how the building technology of a 3D printed house is compared to a traditional masonry house. The 3D printed houses we have looked at is built of one massive wall which have made us think of how the heat and moist is transferred through the wall is and what consequences it will have for the building. In many articles it is written that 3D printing of houses can be more sustainable because of less material used and it is faster to build the house, but if heat is transferred through the wall and moist damages the house it will not be more sustainable because more energy will be used in the operation stage of the house. We have earlier work with life cycle assessments and will therefore look at the project with that perspective.  

1.    Introduction and problem statement (1/2 pg.)

·      How is 3D printing of houses implemented in the building industry today?

·       Which building technology problems can occur from 3D printed houses?

·       Can 3D printing be a way to develop a more sustainable building industry?

2.    Results – The construction process of 3D printed houses (1 pg.)

·       The wall build up

·       Material

·       Time

·       Labor

3.    Discussion (1.5 pg.)

·       Building technology

o    Heat and moist transfer

o   Comparison to a tradition masonry wall

·       Building LCA

o   Material

o   Economic

o   Time

4.    Conclusion (1/2 pg.)

5.    References

·       https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-inside-race-perfect-3d-printed

·       https://www.3dnatives.com/en/3d-printed-house-companies-120220184/                

·       https://www.thenational.ae/business/property/dubai-company-ready-to-3d-print-your-house-says-19-year-old-founder-1.47402

·       https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1876610217346969/1-s2.0-S1876610217346969-main.pdf?_tid=df186325-0045-4a8c-b529-1c309df08a13&acdnat=1549384067_ca255cf08c1776a9009a1e525266cd5d

Aaron Goldberg: It really sounds like an exciting project. I like that you are looking at the 3D-printing with an critical perspective of the construction and that you compare it with the traditional manufacturing. I think it is very important to look at the 3D printing with a life cycle perspective and consider all the process and consequences of it.

Blog Post 4: Project Outline

How Visual Programming Improves Upon BIM and What’s Next

The topic of my paper is going to briefly introduce what visual programming is and how it got introduced to the construction industry. It is interesting to think about because construction and programming historically haven't been related at all. I then will discuss some ways that visual programming currently improves upon BIM. The first use is programmed 3D modeling which allows users to change certain inputs into a program and a model will automatically be generated. This saves a lot of time and makes changes to a design simple which avoids headaches. Another benefit of visual programming is being able to transfer information between different software automatically. Taking data from an Excel sheet and manually inputting it into a different program or vice versa has been a very time-consuming process usually given to interns or new employees. However, with visual programming, the information can be transferred automatically once the code has been written. I will then discuss what the future looks like and what may replace/improve upon visual programming. One thing that could definitely replace visual programming is Generative Design which is AI that can generate many versions of a structure based on your parameters automatically. Architects will need to stay ahead of this so that they do not get phased out by the technology. 3D printing buildings could add to Generative Design in that buildings could eventually be designed and built completely with AI technology by just giving it certain design requirement inputs. Finally, I will summarize the points that I made throughout the report and give my personal predictions for what the future of the construction industry may be like.

Comments:

1. Albert Hanan
I like that you are trying to incorporate Dynamo in different, new ways that will improve your model and make it easier to work with. I think you should definitely take some time to research all the different ways you can improve the model like automatically inserting windows at certain dimensions throughout the building. You have a lot of time to incorporate new things into your project and it will be interesting to see how much more you can do.

2. Hanyan Chen
Your topic is very important for the future of sustainable design. It will be interesting to read the paper that you come up with by the end of the term. Hopefully, adaptable housing and sustainable design will become more and more popular. I am looking forward to hearing about the impact that BIM has on design style, sustainability, construction, and the real estate industry as a whole. 


3. Christian Tait
This is something that I am also interested in and I'm looking forward to hearing about your project at the end of the term. The applications that you mentioned are interesting and AR is already being implemented in other areas today that you could discuss. You may even want to discuss the pros and cons of VR vs AR and how each can benefit BIM in their own way.

B4 - Outine and Feedback

Our topic is about the use of 3D printing in developing construction materials. First, we intend of doing research on current production methods for the main materials. 3D printing is a growing field and due to recent advancements, high performance materials have been produced through these means. The main focus of this project is to examine the feasibility of using these 3d printed materials as structural components for buildings, bridges homes and other structures. There are many promising advantages of using 3d printed materials. A main benefit is the ability to be more flexible with designs, as designers are able to print complex geometries which would have been difficult to fabricate otherwise. 3D printing is generally more expensive than conventional methods, but its efficiency may outweigh the costs. This is something we look to discuss in our paper as well.

The main construction materials, steel and concrete will be thoroughly discussed. There are several different methods for printing these materials and it will be interesting to compare its properties from traditionally formed members. Other, less common materials will be looked into as well, such as binding sands and ceramics. I look forward to learning the different advantages and disadvantages of each method and begin to formulate ideas on how to improve these processes. 

3D printing is only in its early stages, and we haven’t even scratched the surface yet to how it can be involved in the construction industry. As 3D printing/additive manufacturing methods become quicker, easier, and overall cheaper than traditional fabrication methods, it may become an industry standard. Its capabilities are very promising, as large scale printers have already shown to produce high strength materials.

In the world today, 3D printing has been utilized for making homes in less-developed areas. I think utilizing 3d printing in this way is a great way to get the ball rolling on this type of technology, as it both gives a chance to develop real 3d printed structures while simultaneously helping those in need. It works well in these remote areas because since the material can be fabricated on site, there is little need for transport. The components can also be made all exactly the same and parts are able to be interchanged accordingly. This is just one example of the potential impact that 3D printing can have in the construction industry.

Comments on others:

Albert: I really like how you are tying in this project with your junior design project. With the amount of time you guys are putting into that project, along with the knowledge we are learning in AE510, I think you can really make something special. It’s great that you are going beyond the project requirements from 391 and utilizing dynamo to help make the process more automated. Unfortunately, I have no experience myself with dynamo but I was thinking maybe you could use it to help with clash detection in your design. 

Ren: I never really thought about the potential benefits for BIM in a healthcare building model. However, with the amount of complex systems required for those buildings, there is definitely a huge opportunity for BIM to simplify the design process. Your outline is well-structured, and I look forward to learning about the specific processes that BIM can simplify.

Christian: I too was surprised to hear that companies were already actively pursuing Augmented reality (AR) technology and being on the forefront of this change. When learning about AR being used in the CAE industry, I thought we were a few years out at least. Even though contractors are used to using the 2-D plans (which will presumably be created from a BIM model), I think it would do nothing but help them to be able to view the project in a 3D format, using AR software and tools. I wonder if these 2-D plans will ever become obsolete entirely as contractors begin to become more familiar with 3-D layouts.

B4-Project Outline

Topic: Development of BIM and Impact on Residences

Type of project: Paper

Outline

1. Introduction
1. What is BIM
2. How does BIM work
2. History of BIM
1. The Beginning
2. Development
3. Why is it important
1. Advantages, Benefits in Construction and Design
2. Disadvantages
4. Why is it important to Residences
1. Current application of BIM in Residential design & construction
5. Impact of BIM to Residences
1. On Design Style
2. On Sustainability (Adaptable housing)
3. On Construction
4. On Real Estate Industry
6. Future of BIM
1. Brief description of future of BIM
2. Implementation of BIM
3. Challenges BIM might encounter
7. Conclusion

Our paper will focus on the development of BIM from its history and developing process, and the importance of applying BIM into construction design while addressing the advantages and disadvantages of BIM and analyzing the current stage of BIM in residential design. We will also talk about how BIM impacts the design and construction of residential building based on the design style, sustainability, construction and real estate industry. With the development of society, different preferences are in demand for residential building design due to the urbanization. It is necessary to consider the adaptivity along the residential building design process. “The creation of a more sustainable environment can be augmented by adaptable design strategies that produce a level of building flexibility, and which allow for a variety of changes to be accommodated (Raji and Gomez, 2012).” In the end, we will discuss the potential future and challenges of BIM for residence, as well as the possible implementation of BIM in construction.

Alec Silverstone：

I'm not very familiar with robotics and how what their effect are on the construction industry, but your topic really attracts me into this field. I think it’s reasonable to talk about the current trends, future, advantages and disadvantages of robotics to give your readers a overlook on robotics, like what you layout in your P2. The only confusion for me is that in your P3, do you want to talk about only the Intelligent Building Design by themselves or the relevance between intelligent building and robotics? If you wish to address your paper on robotics’ effect on the construction industry, it may be good to talk about their relationship in this part.

Christian Tait:

Your topic is very interesting to me. I think the most common application for AR is in gaming for now, I don’t see it very popular in other field maybe due to the price of the technology. It will be great if engineers could apply AR in BIM, which could largely beneficial on the actual detail look of the building before it to be built, and the cooperation between designer, engineer, and the owner.

Ren:

My topic is similar as yours, we are all going to discuss on the application of BIM to a specific building type. I think it’s necessary to talk about the effect of applying BIM in healthcare building since I read your introduction. I really like your layout in you P3, which detailly analyzes the current applications in specific aspects. 

Blog 4 - Project Outline - CT

This assignment required students to describe their projects and have other students review and suggest any improvements.

Introduction:
My project will involve the structural design of my senior design project. I chose this project because it will be directly related to the completion of my senior design project. I believe that this project is related to intelligent building because as we move forward with using softwares for engineering design, we cannot fully trust the results generated by computers. For this project, I will be testing the accuracy of some modeling softwares. I will be keeping a log of what I’ve done and the obstacles that arose, particularly with Revit, as I have almost no prior experience.
1. Explain the experiment
     a. Is there a control? Either nothing or my hand calc's

Testing:
I will be analyzing the beams, girders, and columns of 1 floor from using softwares such as Revit and SAP2000 and my hand calculations. The shear, moment, and deflection are particular results that will be used for comparison.
1. Prepare the Revit model and run the simulation, ~Week 7
2. Prepare the SAP2000 model and run the simulation, ~Week 6
3. Analyze the structure by hand, ~Week 6
4. Vary the parameters of the models to obtain different results, ~Week 7

Results:
After performing the experiment, I will attempt to statistically analyze the results. The mean and standard deviation are good places to start. ~Week 8

Conclusion:
Explain how useful the results are to the senior design project, how accurate they might be, and how others might be able to use them. Reflect on how the softwares have helped and how much more advanced they can get.


Comments on colleagues’ posts:

Albert Hanan

I would like to see how far Dynamo will enhance your project because I am also interested in learning about it for my senior design project. I am unfamiliar with the potential of Dynamo but I am interested to see if what you do with it can be applied to my work.

Christian Tait

I once saw a concept idea of incorporating GIS and AR together so that the locations of utilities underground can easily be located without having to read plans. This is actually feasible right now in Philadelphia as long as there is someone who is willing to combine all of the GIS models of every utility into one. From there, it is simply the AR side that needs to work and contractors will be able to use it immediately.

Hanyan Chen

My stance is that a computer cannot create something with aesthetics in mind because it has no understanding of what is artistic. Even when Prof. Mitchell showed us the video where a computer created music, the AI itself has no way of judging its work to be artistic or beautiful. Even if it is based on previous data from famous artists and musicians, it cannot tell if it looks or sounds pleasing to people. With that being said, I wonder how clients will appreciate a building done with AI through many iterations. I also don’t see an architect using AI if it hinders their creativity.